introduction : tardive dyskinesia is one of the major side effects of long-term neuroleptic treatment. increased reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress has been proposed as possible etiopathologic mechanisms. ginkgo biloba extract (egb) is a natural antioxidant. we investigated the effects of ginkgo biloba extract on neuroleptic-induced orofacial dyskinesia in rats, a potential animal mod...

objective: tardive dyskinesia (td), is one of the important problems of the patients with schizophrenia. the emergence of these side effects depends on so many factors such as the patients' age and the duration of antipsychotic treatment. by discovering new drugs (atypical), there has been an outstanding decrease in the emergence of these side effects. the present study investigates the symptom...

objective(s):long-term treatment with antipsychotics causes serious side effects such as tardive dyskinesia that characterized by abnormal movements in the orofacial region. oxidative stress in the brain specific area is implicated in the pathophysiology of tardive dyskinesia. in this study the protective effect of crocin on haloperidol-induced orofacial dyskinesia was evaluated. materials and ...

      Murraya koenigii L. (Rutaceae), commonly known as curry leaf tree, closely associated with south India where the word “curry” originates from the Tamil “kari” for spiced sauces. Curry leaves are a rich source of carbazole alkaloids which possess various biological activities such as antitumor, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. Curry leaf has a potential role in the treatment of diabetes....

      Murraya koenigii L. (Rutaceae), commonly known as curry leaf tree, closely associated with south India where the word “curry” originates from the Tamil “kari” for spiced sauces. Curry leaves are a rich source of carbazole alkaloids which possess various biological activities such as antitumor, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. Curry leaf has a potential role in the treatment of diabetes....

Objective(s):Long-term treatment with antipsychotics causes serious side effects such as tardive dyskinesia that characterized by abnormal movements in the orofacial region. Oxidative stress in the brain specific area is implicated in the pathophysiology of tardive dyskinesia. In this study the protective effect of crocin on haloperidol-induced orofacial dyskinesia was evaluated. Materials and ...

murraya koenigii l. (rutaceae), commonly known as curry leaf tree, closely associated with south india where the word “curry” originates from the tamil “kari” for spiced sauces. curry leaves are a rich source of carbazole alkaloids which possess various biological activities such as antitumor, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. curry leaf has a potential role in the treatment of diabetes. reser...

introduction: long-term levodopa treatment of parkinson’s disease (pd) is frequently complicated by spontaneously occurring involuntary muscle movements called dyskinesia. the exact pathological mechanism of this complication has not yet been elucidated. we have previously demonstrated that in pd patients the vulnerability to develop peripheral but not orofacial dyskinesia is associated with th...

Introduction: Long-term levodopa treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is frequently complicated by spontaneously occurring involuntary muscle movements called dyskinesia. The exact pathological mechanism of this complication has not yet been elucidated. We have previously demonstrated that in PD patients the vulnerability to develop peripheral but not orofacial dyskinesia is associated w...

Neuroleptics are widely prescribed drugs for the treatment of schizophrenia and related psychiatric disorders. Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a late complication of prolonged neuroleptic treatment. Despite much research, the pathogenesis of TD remains elusive. It may be caused by loss of dopaminergic cells, due to free radicals as a product of high synaptic dopamine levels. Tardive dyskinesia has b...